BEHOLD THE LAMB OF GOD: It's more than you think!

by Susan Fox

“God so loved the world, He gave His only Son.”(John 3:16)

When I was a young girl I had to study Bible History in grade school. I can still remember those pictures of Abraham dragging his son Isaac up that hill while the poor unsuspecting boy didn’t know he was going to be killed.

At the time, the story was presented to me as a test of Abraham’s faith in the Lord. I just thought God was mean to ask it of Abraham in the first place.

Isaac carrying the wood for the sacrifice
a figure for Jesus Christ.
"Where's the Sacrifice, Dad?"

Later, I understood that when Isaac – burdened with a load of wood – wondered out loud where was the sacrifice, Abraham answered prophetically, “God Himself will provide the lamb for the sacrifice.”

The Lamb Who was Sacrificed:
Behold the Lamb of God
Who Takes Away the Sins of the World.

“Behold the Lamb of God, Who takes away the sins of the world!” You can almost hear St. John the Baptist entering the stage upon seeing Jesus millenniums later.

When he said, “God Himself will provide the lamb for the sacrifice,” Abraham thought his son Isaac would be that sacrifice. But it appears that God the Holy Spirit anticipated that Jesus would be the sacrifice when he inspired Abraham to say that.  

Of course, Isaac was saved at the last minute by an angel, who said, “Do not lay a hand on the boy… Now I know that you fear God, because you have not withheld from me your son, your only son.”

So, yes, it was a test. And Isaac was an image, a type for Jesus Christ, who would one day carry the wood of the cross on His back, and that wood would become the instrument of His torture and death.

But I still felt that God was somewhat selfish because He sent “His Son.” I know that Jesus, the Second Person of the Blessed Trinity, volunteered for the job, but why didn’t the Father or the Holy Spirit offer to go instead?

But one day I finally understood the unadulterated, pure self-giving love of God. The understanding came when the Apostle Philip asked Jesus, “Lord, show us the Father and that will be enough for us.”

It’s almost eerie when you hear Jesus answer, “Don’t you know me, Philip, even after I have been among you such a long time? Anyone who has seen me has seen the Father.”

So when God so loved the world He sent His Son, He actually gave Himself in His totality because “I am in the Father, and the Father is in me.” Jesus and the Father are One.

When a man gives his seed in the marriage bed, that is an act of self-giving love. And no man wants to send his son in to be tortured and killed.  But if that were to happen, the son who is killed is not the same person as the father. They are two different people. The son alone would go through the torture and death, not the father.

But when God the Father approached the Blessed Virgin Mary through the Angel Gabriel, He was really offering much, much more. He didn’t just give Mary seed, He gave her Himself in His Son, and in that fruitful giving (overshadowed by the Holy Spirit) Jesus was conceived in her womb. But so was the Father -- in His Divine Nature -- because as Jesus said, “The Father and I are One.”

“The words I say to you I do not speak on my own authority. Rather, it is the Father, living in me, who is doing his work.” (John 14:10)

As Catholics and Christians, we tend to divide God up and think of three instead of one.  We have to sort them out. One is the Creator, One is the Redeemer and One is the Sanctifier.

But through the message of the angel Gabriel, only One God approached the Blessed Virgin Mary. God Himself humbly asked Mary to receive Him in her womb.  She – unlike the rest of us – knew exactly who she was. “I am the Handmaid of the Lord.”

And for a servant of God only one answer is possible: “Yes! Be it done to me according to your word.”

And so Jesus became the Son of the Handmaid, and the Father placed His own Glory within Mary.  The Lamb He provided for the sacrifice – it was God Himself!

  

Fooled Again: Citizens of the United States

by Lawrence Fox

"We won't be fooled again" so goes the song.  There was a question on Facebook comparing President George W. Bush and  President Barack H. Obama.

To some degree the previous leadership led to the subsequent psychotic leadership which we now have under the socialist gang-banger President Obama. There were eight years of war with almost non-stop cynical press and for the majority of Americans, they were tired of it and wanted out. President George Bush could never convey the real seriousness of the war on "jihad" and the fact that like all wars -- the message is more important than the bombs. 

(Editor's Note: To be fair to President Bush, the media actually stopped covering his speeches. As a former news reporter from the Carter/Reagan era, what the press did to President Bush is disgraceful. Never before in history did the press fail to cover everything said by the president. Now Barach Obama drones on endlessly with empty catch phrases and every word is covered and even defended by the so-called mainstream press. Back to Lawrence:)

  

Instead the mantra was “Islam is a religion of Peace.” If there was one statement which is categorically a misnomer, it is that statement. Tell that to the murdered Quraysh and Jewish tribes slaughtered by Mohammed. Tell that to the poets Asma bint Marwan and  Ka’b bin Al-Ashraf, who were assassinated at the instigation of Mohammed. Tell that to the conquered  Kuwaiti tribes , who were later forcibly converted when Mohammed died.

Tell that to all the peoples who were living in the lands now known as Turkey, Syria, Egypt, and all across Northern Africa who were murdered and enslaved by the message of “Jihad.”  Tell that to the millions of Muslims who have been put to death as a result of the continuous Islamic civil war (since the 8th Century) stemming from the envy and bitterness of Mohammed's child bride Aisha against Mohammed's successor Ali.

President George Bush allowed the press to dictate the narrative. It was just like the era of Vietnam. It ended up a political disaster in spite of the bravery of all the men and women in uniform. 

Even conservatives were flustered with the hands off approach the Bush Administration took to the level of treachery which spewed from the press and Democratic leadership. Consider the shameful example of CNN embedding with Al Qaeda and reporting live the death of an American soldier. It was such a treacherous display of American Left journalism, to say the least. 

It was the wife of the vice-president who took CNN to task for such a display of treason. And the President and Vice-President said nothing (that I remember). Day after day, leaders of the Democratic Party were actually predicting one military disaster after another.  Politics is horrible when the shoe is on either foot, but the Administration was never able to communicate to the little person what was at stake. And so America decided not to vote for the moderate "reach across the aisle" Senator McCain and instead voted for the most unqualified man-boy ever elected.

Now we have a president who has placed members of the Muslim Brotherhood all over the State Department… a movement which openly promised the death of America. We are so close to the same disaster which took place in Germany leading up to World War II.

So what has the socialist gang banger done for America? The debt continues to climb up, up, and up. Guantamano is still in operation. No one was held responsible for the Bank and Housing Fiasco. Many if not most of the green energy companies – which receive millions from the Whitehouse - have gone belly up except for GE Wind (and the CEO of GE is intimately involved with the White House). What about Solyndra taking money from the Government and then putting it back into the DNC? Who has been held accountable for that?  The unemployment rate is still above 7.5% for those who are actually looking for work (many have given up).

Then there was the high fuel prices...every Democrat screamed "Complicity, corruption, Dirty Republicans and Oil Companies." Funny but the price of fuel in California is still above $4.50 ...not a peep from the social justice progressives. Except for Barach Obama, who said he was glad the oil prices were at this level, he is simply sorry that it happened so fast. I am certain the high gas prices in California are really helping the poor - who are mostly on foods stamps by now. (Gas prices have moderated since this was written, but largely because of little economic activity. Demand is low)

Who has been held accountable for that waste of billions of stimulus dollars? The rate of food stamp usage has gone way up (35-48%). Then there is the deadly and costly Obama "Care." How many Americans know of the 1000s of exemptions granted by the administration to companies which said: “We cannot afford this socialized health care at this time?” I thought this was supposed to be such a wonderful program?  Then the Obama Administration in order to get re-elected promised “Free Contraception” to the women of America - who were also swooned by Bill Clinton the reigning misogynist. I’d rather be able to earn a living than get contraception, which costs what $5 a month?

New Obama "Care" Ad

The Obama Administration continues to provide tax dollars $100s of millions of dollars to finance the abortion industry with no end in sight and for what - a denuded population? Actually No! Planned Parenthood first takes the profits from “dirty deeds done dirt cheap” and uses American tax dollars to finance Democratic political races.

And finally what about Barack's good friend, Christopher Stevens, U.S. Ambassador to Libya. No one else but the president of the United States could have ordered the military to stand down in Benghazi while the U.S. Ambassador was being  tortured and murdered by a group of Jihadists, who were angry about the death of Osama Bin Laden. More than one order to stand down went to brave Americans who wanted to jump in and give their lives for the U.S. Ambassador. Three of them disobeyed and died because the U.S. wouldn't send back-up, which was available as close as Tripoli and Italy. Let Barack eat his lies and tell us where he was the night of Sept. 11, 2012! 

The only thing this present socialist gang-banger continues to promise is more open sodomy in the general population, open sodomy in sports, open sodomy in the military, and sodomy in the Whitehouse. And why not given his family upbringing?

PHILOSOPHY'S GIFT TO CATHOLIC MORAL THEOLOGY

by   Lawrence Fox

Catholic Moral Theology is the branch of study which seeks to know the goodness and evil of human actions through the gift of faith and reason. Philosophy, rooted in the principle of seeking the good through the gift of reason, provides a crucial contribution in support of the development of Catholic Moral Theology.(1) Crucial contributions of philosophy, many of which have their complimentary expression in theology, include the principle of non-contradiction, virtue, flourishing, exitus-reditus, hylomorphism, four causes, and participation. With these philosophical contributions, Catholic Moral Theology serves the whole church to fulfill its mission of a new evangelization to the world, to form the conscience of the members of the Body of Christ, while shepherding them through complex moral issues, and remaining faithful to the task of guarding the Deposit of Faith with the help of the Holy Spirit (NIV, 2 Timothy 1:13-15).

Complex moral issues include but are not limited to, birth control, abortion, human egg donation, in-vitro fertilization, embryonic and adult stem cell research, organ donation, same-sex attractions, surrogacy, and euthanasia. These issues are not complex because Divine Revelation is lacking.(2) These issues are complex because the Catholic Church must faithfully and objectively discern the intent, means, and results of both individual and collective human actions. And the Church must effectively, clearly, and patiently confront the widespread spirit of agnosticism and relativism, which has cast doubt on reason's ability to know the truth – the truth which alone satisfies the human heart's restless quest for meaning.(3) Without faith and reason, the answer to the question “What must I do to flourish?” is subject to ill-reasoned solutions which move the human person and society away from virtue and happiness, towards a state of vice and despair (i.e. culture of death).(4)


1 Susan Selner-Wright, PHIL500 Distance Education Program Video Series (Augustine Institute, 2012), Discs 1-6. Classical philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus, and Proclus pursued knowledge and the possession of the good through reason and the ascetical life. The Catholic Church recognizes in their pursuit, the movement of the Holy Spirit preparing the gentiles to hear and receive the Good News.

2 Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd Edition (Washington: United States Catholic Conference, 1997), 82. The Catholic Church derives her certainty in matters of truth from Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition.

3 John Paul II, Address of John Paul II to the Bishops of the Ecclesiastical Provinces of Indianapolis, Chicago, and Milwaukee on their Ad Limina Visit, Internet, available from http://www.adoremus.org/AdLimina052804.html, accessed October 2012.

4 John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Fides et Ratio of the Supreme Pontiff John Paul II to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Relationship between Faith and Reason ( 1998), Internet, available from http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_15101998_fides-et-ratio_en.html, accessed October 2012.


Moral Theology

Moral Theology flows from the foundations of theology and philosophy. The word theology is composed of two Greek words "Theos", which translated means God and "logos", which translated means “the study of.” As such, theology is the branch of knowledge which deals with the study of God and things related to God. Its foundation is the Deposit of Faith (Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition). The word philosophy is also composed of two Greek words: "filio", which translated means love or friendship and "sophia", which translated means wisdom. Wisdom is the virtue of knowing the proper order of things or good judgment. As such, philosophy is the love of wisdom. The philosophical

Plato and Aristotle

foundations discussed in this essay come from the writings of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus, and Proclus who viewed the pursuit of “the good” as something objective and imperative in order for the human person and society to flourish. Their contributions were perfected by Catholic theologians such as St. Augustine of Hippo and St. Thomas Aquinas who in turn contributed greatly to the systematic development of Catholic Moral Theology. St. Augustine utilized the contributions of Plato while writing on topics dealing with goodness, free-will, innate knowledge, and the moral difficulty and reality of evil. St. Thomas Aquinas utilized the contribution of Aristotle to articulate a knowledge of the human person (body and soul), the role of intellect and will in the pursuit knowledge, virtue, and natural law. Finally, Catholic Moral Theology is rooted in the consoling principle that the human vocation of moral goodness is supported by God, Who has not left his human creation orphaned.

To demonstrate how philosophy as a branch of study contributes to the support of the development of Catholic Moral Theology, the principles of non-contradiction, virtue, flourishing, exitus-reditus, hylomorphism, four causes, and participation are described, with their compliments in Moral Theology, and examples of their application to complex moral issues.

Principle of Non Contradiction

The principle of non-contradiction comes from Aristotle’s Metaphysics book 4, chapter 4, and simply states that something cannot be true and false at the same time and in the same way.(5) It is a common sense principle upon which philosophy builds a reasoned pursuit of the truth and overcomes sophistry which is characterized by arguments meant to distract in order to deceive. The principle of non-contradiction is complimented within Moral Theology by the paraphrased message which Joshua gave to the people of Israel, “How long are you going to straddle the fence; either God is God or He is not? Choose!” This philosophical principle provides Moral Theology with a tool to root out moral inconsistencies. For example, in one ward of a hospital, medical staff terminates the life a pre-born child. In another ward in the same hospital, medical staff feverishly works to support the life of a pre-born child. These two activities performed by the same medical institution violate the principle of non-contradiction. The medical institution judges that one pre-born child does not have a right to life and another pre-born child has a right to life. This decision is not based upon objective pre-natal medicine, but based upon a subjective reflex known as “choice”. This moral contradiction was promoted by educational, religious, political, and judicial institutions of society. This widespread moral contradiction prevents society from flourishing. It is like the human heart with faulty check valves, although beating frantically, it cannot support the organs in the body. So many resources are expended with little good. The evidence of this floundering in society includes, rising moral indifference, ignorance, weakness of character, immoral levels of financial debt, aging demographics with fewer children to support the elderly, constant wars, and no clear moral principle to confront the jihad barbarians at the wall.


5 Robert Spitzer S.J., Ten Universal Principles, A Brief Philosophy of the Life Issue, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press 2009), pp. 11-14.

The Principle of Virtue

The principle of virtue comes from Plato, From the Republic Book I.(6) Socrates was asked by contemporary philosophers to answer the question “What is justice?” Socrates reasons by way of analogy that justice is that good which supports the proper function of something (its virtue). For example, the function of the eye is to see; therefore seeing is its virtue. That which supports the virtue of the eye is justice. That which diminishes the virtue of the eye is injustice since vice is promoted and not virtue. Socrates argued that in order for a society to flourish, it needed to develop the virtues of courage, temperance, justice, and wisdom. This principle of virtue is complimented within Moral Theology by the cardinal virtues of justice, prudence, temperance, and fortitude. The philosophical principle of virtue provides Moral Theology with a tool to discern the fruits of human actions (i.e. is there an increase or decrease of virtue as a result of human actions). For example, fertility is an integral part of a human being’s sexuality as created by God. It is a good. Contraception is a vice because it impedes the virtue of fertility, in other words it removes a good which ought to be there. Laws which support the use of contraception are a form of injustice. This injustice is obvious considering that the virtues of temperance, courage, justice, and wisdom are diminished. Medical practice should seek to harmonize human actions with natural law.(7) Instead a tremendous amount of human resources are expended on the  pursuit of materialistic efficiency, convenience, and a “will to power.” When virtues are diminished, the individual and society cease to flourish.


6 Charles M. Bakewell, Source Book in Ancient Philosophy, Plato, From the Republic (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1907), pp. 180-182.

7 Spitzer, pp. 53-55.

Principle of Flourishing

The principle of flourishing begins in Plato, From the Republic Book VI 506C-509 and reaches further development in Proclus’ Elements of Theology. Socrates demonstrated that the virtue of the eye is dependent upon the light of the sun, representing the truth, a form of the Good.(8) Socrates reasoned that the moral virtues were necessary for the individual and society to flourish. Education needed to be directed towards the knowledge of the good and the development of virtues.(9) Virtue flourishes when the human intellect and spirit both direct and govern the appetites. Society flourished because courage brought about steadfastness, temperance maintained harmony, wisdom secured the common good, and justice allowed each part to accomplish its own good work. When the appetites govern, and the intellect and will both serve the appetites, then evil flourishes. This principle of flourishing is complimented within Moral Theology which guides moral character based upon the “Beatitudes” and the realist view of human character as described by Jesus Christ in the parable of the sower and the seed (i.e. shallow soil, rocky soil, un-weeded soil, and well conditioned soil).(10) This philosophical principle provides Moral Theology with a tool to discern the source, potential, and actual fruits of human actions. For example, Western Society believed for centuries that medical practice existed to heal the individual. It was the pagan witchdoctor who attempted to manipulate the natural order with sterilization, death, and altered mental states through various forms of incantations and potions. To combat this chicanery, the Hippocratic Oath was developed to promote the medical principle “Do no harm.” Medical practice prescribed a remedy or pill to cure or mitigate illness, not harm. In the case of contraception, the prescription of a pill denotes that a woman or man needs to be cured from the ill effects of fertility. This widespread acceptance of contraception has engendered a culture that demands the need for abortion.11 This widespread acceptance also contributes to the phenomenon of a pilled society that demands moral actions be free from consequences (sexually transmitted diseases, AIDs, gluttony, drunkenness, promiscuity, un-planned pregnancy) through the prescription of a pill. Society ceases to flourish as a result of medical, political, and judicial institutions now dedicating themselves to the service of man’s appetites and not the pursuit of the good. Consider the never ending search to discover new ways to prevent and destroy conception, to conceive and destroy human embryos in support of stem cell research, and to impregnate women in support of various lifestyles with no consideration of the conceived child’s emotional development. This separation of actions and responsibility engenders a form of moral dualism which attacks the next principle known as hylomorphism.


8 G.M.A Grube, Revised by C.D.C Reeve, Plato, From the Republic, (Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1992), 180-182.

9 Ibid, Book VIII 518d-519, pp. 190, 191.

10 Romanus Cessario, O.P, Introduction to Moral Theology, (Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2001), p. 31.

Principle of hylomorphism

The principle of hylomorphism (human person is body and soul) is found in the Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics Book II On the Soul (414a-414b).(12) It is complimented by another philosophical principle known as potency and actuality. The human soul actualizes the rational and irrational potencies of the body. The evidence of this actualization is manifested by animation. This philosophical principle was perfected by St. Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theologiae (Article 1 Question 76) (13) identifying the human soul as spirit, eternal, and remaining in relation with the human body even after separation. Moral theology utilizes this hylomorphic principle - rooted in faith and reason - to defend the dignity of human life through all stages of conception, development, and natural death. For example, it is indisputable that with conception, the fertilized egg (zygote) is not an active sperm or an active egg but something uniquely different and alive. For the child moves down the mother’s fallopian tube and implants itself within the mother’s uterine wall to derive its nourishment and develop a heart, mind, fingers, skin, nerves, and sensory organs. In other words at conception, the necessary genetic human matter and human soul exists. With every living body there is a soul which is wholly present to the living body even when corporeal intelligence is not active. There is a human person at conception as long as the body demonstrates it is animated. As such, abortion, suicide, murder, and euthanasia are intrinsically evil, acts of injustice, and evidence that the next principle of exitus-reditus is lacking in the individual’s moral development.


11 John Paul II Evangelium Vitae To the Bishops Priests and Deacons Men and Women Religious, Lay Faithful and all People of Good Will on the Value and Inviolability of Human Life, 14, Internet, available from http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html, Internet accessed October 2012.

12 Richard McKeon, The Basic Works of Aristotle, (New York: Random House, 1941), pp. 558-559.

13 Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologia I, (London: University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, 1975), pp. 15.


Principle of Exitus-Reditus

The principle of exitus (procession) and reditus (return) is found in Proclus’ Elements of Theology.(14) This principle simply defines that which flows from the source of its being, naturally reflects upon its source. In this process of reflection, it is perfected. To not turn towards the source is an unnatural state of being. The compliment in Moral Theology(15) is expressed in the words of St. Paul: “whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is admirable…think about such things.” (Philippians 4:8-9) This principle is explicitly described by the words spoken by Jesus to his disciples: “I came from my Father and I am now returning to my Father.” (John 16:28) The disciples responded to his words exclaiming that for the first time they clearly understood him. Jesus’ expression of his exitus and reditus brought clarity to his disciples. Moral theology utilizes this principle of exitus and reditus to address the following complex moral issue: our first parents are the efficient cause of human life through their sacramental bond and gift of fertility. This gift of fertility signifies completeness and goodness in nature created by God. God is the supernatural efficient cause of human life. This is no small matter considering that God’s 4th commandment requires “Honor your Father and Mother so that you may have a long life.” Through this commandment, God directs the human intellect, will, and appetites to respect the spirit and matter of their creation. Actions which ape this co-creative principle and source of human life (i.e. polygamy, homosexuality, self-abuse, IVF, contraception, and surrogacy) exemplify a rebellion against the principle of exitus (procession) and reditus (return) - an unnatural state of intellectual and willful being - and has the potential of de-stabilizing natural human development. This rebellion and unnatural state of living is evidence that the essence of one’s own being is not properly understood.


14 E.R. Dodds, Proclus, Selection from the Elements of Theology, (London: Clarendon Paperbacks, 1992) Proposition 31 States that all that proceeds from any principle reverts in respect of its being upon that from which it proceeds. Proposition 32 States that all reversion is accomplished through a likeness of the reverting terms to the goal of reversion.

15 Cessario, p. 3.

Principle of Four Causes

This principle comes from Aristotle’s Metaphysics Book II in which he argues that knowing the four causes (material, form, efficient, and final) of an object enables the subject to properly know the essence of the object and relate to it correctly.(16) Moral theology uses this principle of four causes (not to be confused with casuistry) (17) as a means of discovering the intent, the means, results (virtue or vice) and culpability of human actions. For example, to discover the material cause of human actions, one must know the dominating factors in the person (i.e. the intellect, will, or the appetites). Determining the formal cause of human actions requires knowing the devotions, disciplines, and habits of the individual. Determining the efficient cause of human actions requires knowing whether the movement of the intellect and will is based upon grace or upon ignorance, weakness, and or indifference. Determining the final cause of human actions requires knowing the fruits of human actions, whether there is an increase in happiness, joy, and moral virtue, or an increase in confusion and vice. The existence of virtue is evidence of the next principal known as participation.


16 McKeon, pp. 240-242.

17 Cessario, pp. 196,197 & 229.

Principle of Participation

The principle of participation comes from Plato’s Republic and Proclus’ Elements of Theology.(18) Socrates argued that the reason the philosopher is able to be the guardian of society because he knows “the forms of the good.” Platonism reasoned that men know the good in as much as they participated in the good. Proclus’ Elements of Theology identified that which is perfect emanates or brings forth its perfection and that which is emanated participates in its source. This participation was touched upon under the principle of exitus-reditus. It is also complimented by the moral theological axiom, through the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, the Mystical Body of Christ participates in God’s Divine Nature (2 Peter 1, 4). All of creation is governed by God’s wisdom. In essence, creation (nature) participates in God’s eternal law. Natural Law, which is a participation in God’s eternal law, plays a central role within Catholic Moral Theology.(19) The essence of nature can be observed by man’s senses and experiences. Man reflects upon his experiences and this enables him to reach a reasoned knowledge of the good,
provided his formation is proper and not impeded by vice. This knowledge of the good is the result of man and woman being made in God’s image, and created with the ability to grasp what is common to all of humanity by natural reason, namely self-preservation, the common good, procreation and the rearing of children so that the human family flourishes, and the knowledge of God who is Truth. The philosophers Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus, and Proclus in successive stages reasoned the existence of “the good,” “the un-moved mover,” and “the one” as being that source which actualized in nature the qualities of beauty, truth, justice, and all that is good. This principle of participation supports Moral Theology through a reflection upon the Genesis Story. Man and woman put their hand to the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. The consequences of sin and death were the result of desiring knowledge in disobedience to Divine Revelation. But this does not negate the reality that man and woman are existentially able to reason the good and the absence of good (evil). As such, Catholic Moral Theology knowing with certitude that everything which is good comes from God, is enriched when reflecting upon the Natural Law (a participation in the Eternal Law) and Divine Revelation. For example, the truth that all men are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights of life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness stems from Natural Law. (20)

18 Dodds, Proposition 23 States that all this is un-participated produces out of itself the participated; and all the participated substances are linked by upward tension to existences not participated.

19 Cessario, p. 81.

20 Spitzer, pp. 53-57.


  In summary, philosophy rooted in the principle of seeking the good through the gift of reason, provides a crucial contribution in support of the development of Catholic Moral Theology. With this crucial support, Catholic Moral Theology serves the whole church to fulfill its mission of the new evangelization to the world, to form the conscience of members of the Body of Christ, shepherding them through complex moral issues, and to remain faithful to the task of guarding the Deposit of Faith with the help of the Holy Spirit (2 Timothy 1:13-15).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aquinas, Thomas, O.P. Summa Theologiae. Translated by Anton C Pegis F.R.S.C. London: University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame London, 1975.

Aristotle. Selections from Nicomachean Ethics, On the Soul, Physics and Metaphysics Translated by Richard McKeon Dean of the Division of the Humanities. New York: University of Chicago, Random House, 1941.

Augustine. On Free Choice of the Will, Translated by Anna S. Benjamin and L.H. Hackstaff. New York: The Bobs-Merrill Company, Inc., Indianapolis, 1964.

Bakewell, Charles, M. Source Book in Ancient Philosophy. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1907.

Cessario, Romanus, O.P. Introduction to Moral Theology. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2001.

Catechism of the Catholic Church 2nd Edition. Washington: United States Catholic Conference, 1997.

John Paul II, Encyclical Evangelium Vitae Encyclical of the Supreme Pontiff John Paul the II to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Gospel of Life, 25 March 1995, http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae_en.html.

John Paul II, Encyclical Letter Fides Et Ratio of the Supreme Pontiff John Paul the II to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Relationship between Faith and Reason, 14 September, 1988, http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_15101998_fides-et-ratio_en.html.

Plato. From the Republic, Translated by G.M.A Grabe, revised by C.D.C. Reeve. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1992.

Plotinus. Selection from Enneads Translation by Elmer Obrien, S.J.. New York: A Mentor Book Published by the New American Library, Grand Central Station, 1964

Proclus. Selection from Elements of Theology Translation by E.R. Dodds. London: Clarendon Paperbacks, 1992.

Spitzer, Robert, S.J. The Principles of Ethics, A Brief Philosophy of the Life Issues. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2009.

Revised Standard, The Holy Bible 2nd Catholic Edition. San Francisco: Ignatius Press 2006.

New International Version (NIV), The Holy Bible, North American Edition. New York: International Bible Society, 1978.